Language Translation

Now the world has became like a village.But the only problem is the lack of a perfect global language.Although English is the most popular global language many people in non English countries do not feel comfortable with English.So if you want to communicate with them then we have to translate the words into their language.This is must for the business people to popular their products in international market.
India is a country with many languages.So to communicate with all Indians we have to translate into many languages.India translation needs many translations like Punjabi translation,Hindi translation.Persian countries need Farsi translation,Pakistan needs Urdu translation,Saudi Arabia needs Arabic translation.These are only some examples of translation.Every person feels comfortable with his mother tongue first.So the translation of products into local language will definitely increases the sales of every company.

[get this widget]

Digital Signal Processing

DSP, or Digital Signal Processing, as the term suggests, is the processing of signals by digital means. A signal in this context can mean a number of different things. A signal here means an electrical signal carried by a wire or telephone line, or perhaps by a radio wave. More generally, however, a signal is a stream of information representing anything from stock prices to data from a remote-sensing satellite.
Analog and digital signals
In many cases, the signal is initially in the form of an analog electrical voltage or current, produced for example by a microphone or some other type of transducer. In some situations the data is already in digital form - such as the output from the readout system of a CD (compact disc) player. An analog signal must be converted into digital (i.e. numerical) form before DSP techniques can be applied. An analog electrical voltage signal, for example, can be digitized using an integrated electronic circuit (IC) device called an analog-to-digital converter or ADC. This generates a digital output in the form of a binary number whose value represents the electrical voltage input to the device.

[get this widget]

SEMANTIC EVOLUTION

Semantic evolution is a form of adaptation. Before we develop concepts for semantic evolution, we give a set of basic definitions for adaptation.
1. Adaptation definition
Adaptation of a software system (S) is caused by change (dE) from an old environment (E) to a new environment (E.), and results in a new system (S.) that ideally meets the needs of its new environment (E.). Adaptation involves three tasks:

· Ability to recognize dE.
· Ability to determine the change ds to be made to the system S according to dE.
· Ability to effect the change in order to generate the new system S.

Adaptability then refers to the ability of the system to make adaptation.
2. Semantic evolution
System S evolves semantically when the evolved system S. responds differently to the same input or accepts a different set of inputs. In this application domain, the inputs are the commands sent to the ES by EC and the responses are those strings received by EC from ES.

[get this widget]

Remotely Controlled Embedded Systems

Evolution of a software system is a natural process. In many systems evolution occurs during the working phase of their lifecycles. Such systems need to be designed to evolve, i.e., adaptable. Semantically adaptable systems are of particular interest to industry as such systems adapt themselves to environmental change with little or no intervention from their developers. Research in embedded systems is now becoming widespread but developing semantically adaptable embedded systems presents challenges of its own. Embedded systems usually have a restricted hardware configuration, hence techniques developed for other types of systems cannot be directly applied to embedded systems. This paper briefly presents the work done in semantic adaptation of embedded systems, using remotely controlled embedded systems as an application. In this domain, an embedded system is connected to an external controller via a communication link such as ethernet, serial, radio frequency, etc., and receives commands from, and sends responses to, the external controller. Techniques for semantic evolution in this application domain give a glimpse of the complexity involved in tackling the problem of semantic evolution in embedded systems. The techniques developed in this paper were validated by applying them in a real embedded system - a test instrument used for testing cell phones.

[get this widget]

ASYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE TECHNOLOGY

Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) uses existing twisted pair telephone lines to create access paths for high-speed data communications and transmits at speeds up to 8.1Mbps to a subscriber. This exciting technology is in the process of overcoming the technology limits of the public telephone network by enabling the delivery of high speed Internet access to the vast majority of subscribers’ homes at a very affordable cost. ADSL can literally transform the existing public information network from one limited to voice, text, and low-resolution graphics to a powerful, ubiquitous system capable of bringing multimedia, including full motion video, to every home this century. New broadband cabling will take decades to reach all prospective subscribers. Success of these new services will depend on reaching as many subscribers as possible during the first few years. By bringing movies, television, video catalogs, remote CD-ROMs, corporate LANs, and the Internet into homes and small businesses, ADSL will make these markets viable and profitable for telephone companies and application suppliers alike.

ADSL technology is asymmetric. It allows more bandwidth downstream---from an NSP's central office to the customer site---than upstream from the subscriber to the central office. This asymmetry combined with always-on access (which eliminates call setup), makes ADSL ideal for Internet/intranet surfing, video-on-demand, and remote LAN access. Users of these applications typically download much more information than they send. ADSL transmits more than 6 Mbps to a subscriber and as much as 640 kbps more in both directions (shown below). Such rates expand existing access capacity by a factor of 50 or more without new cabling.

[get this widget]

WORKING OF ARTIFICIAL VISION SYSTEM:

The main parts of this system are miniature video camera, a signal processor, and the brain implants. The tiny pinhole camera, mounted on a pair of eyeglasses, captures the scene in front of the wearer and sends it to a small computer on the patient's belt. The processor translates the image into a series of signals that the brain can understand, and then sends the information to the brain implant that is placed in patient’s visual cortex. And, if everything goes according to plan, the brain will "see" the image Light enters the camera, which then sends the image to a wireless wallet-sized computer for processing. The computer transmits this information to an infrared LED screen on the goggles. The goggles reflect an infrared image into the eye and on to the retinal chip, stimulating photodiodes on the chip. The photodiodes mimic the retinal cells by converting light into electrical signals, which are then transmitted by cells in the inner retina via nerve pulses to the brain. The goggles are transparent so if the user still has some vision, they can match that with the new information - the device would cover about 10° of the wearer’s field of vision.

[get this widget]

ARTIFICIAL VISION

Blindness is more feared by the public than any other ailment. Artificial vision for the blind was once the stuff of science fiction. But now, a limited form of artificial vision is a reality .Now we are at the beginning of the end of blindness with this type of technology. In an effort to illuminate the perpetually dark world of the blind, researchers are turning to technology. They are investigating several electronic-based strategies designed to bypass various defects or missing links along the brain's image processing pathway and provide some form of artificial sight.
HOW TO CREATE ARTIFICIAL VISION
The current path that scientists are taking to create artificial vision received a jolt in 1988, when Dr. Mark Humayun demonstrated that a blind person could be made to see light by stimulating the nerve ganglia behind the retina with an electrical current. This test proved that the nerves behind the retina still functioned even when the retina had degenerated. Based on this information, scientists set out to create a device that could translate images and electrical pulses that could restore vision. Today, such a device is very close to be available to the millions of people who have lost their vision to retinal disease. In fact, there are at least two silicon microchip devices that are being developed. The concept for both devices is similar, with each being:
Small enough to be implanted in the eye
Supplied with a continuous source of power
Biocompatible with the surrounding eye tissue

[get this widget]